Articles | Volume 11, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-11-535-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-11-535-2026
Original full-length article
 | 
25 Aug 2026
Original full-length article |  | 25 Aug 2026

Feasibility of a rat femoral-defect model for immediate perioperative and delayed post-implantation implant-associated bone infections

Pardis Keikhosravani, Michiel Croes, Nada Ristya Rahmani, Flurina Stabuli, Leonardo Cecotto, H. Charls Vogely, Bart C. H. van der Wal, Marianne Koolen, Debby Gawlitta, Harrie Weinans, Azin Khodaei, and Saber Amin Yavari

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Cited articles

Amin Yavari, S., Castenmiller, S. M., van Strijp, J. A. G., and Croes, M.: Combating Implant Infections: Shifting Focus from Bacteria to Host, Adv. Mater., 32, https://doi.org/10.1002/ADMA.202002962, 2020. 
Arciola, C. R., Campoccia, D., and Montanaro, L.: Implant infections: Adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 16, 397–409, https://doi.org/10.1038/S41579-018-0019-Y, 2018. 
Assefa, M. and Amare, A.: Biofilm-Associated Multi-Drug Resistance in Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Review, Infect. Drug Resist., 15, 5061, https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S379502, 2022. 
Bahnasawy, S. M., Ahmed, H., Zeitlinger, M., Friberg, L. E., and Nielsen, E. I.: Plasma effects on bacterial time-kill dynamics: Insights from a PK/PD modelling analysis, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 65, 107441, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJANTIMICAG.2024.107441, 2025. 
Bakalakos, M., Vlachos, C., Ampadiotaki, M. M., Stylianakis, A., Sipsas, N., Pneumaticos, S., and Vlamis, J.: Role of Dithiothreitol in Detection of Orthopaedic Implant-Associated Infections, Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14, p. 334, https://doi.org/10.3390/JPM14040334, 2024. 
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Short summary
This study delivers a practical rat model for both early and delayed implant‑site infections. We show which bacterial doses and states produce consistent infections at each time point, creating a dependable platform to evaluate new materials and treatments that prevent or clear implant infections. 
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