Articles | Volume 11, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-11-441-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-11-441-2026
Review
 | 
28 Jul 2026
Review |  | 28 Jul 2026

Bromelain and N-acetylcysteine (BromAc) as novel adjunctive therapy for prosthetic joint infection: a narrative review

Brendan Parnell and David Morris

Cited articles

Abbaszadeh, A., Yilmaz, M. K., Izadi, N., Hoveidaei, A. H., Taheriazam, A., Abedi, A. A., and Parvizi, J.: Efficacy of Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J. Arthroplasty, 41, 19–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.121, 2026. 
Aftab, M. H. S., Joseph, T., Almeida, R., Sikhauli, N., and Pietrzak, J. R. T.: Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Multifaceted Burden Undermining Arthroplasty Success, Orthop. Rev., 17, 138205, https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.138205, 2025. 
Al-Madboly, L. A., Aboulmagd, A., El-Salam, M. A., Kushkevych, I., and El-Morsi, R. M.: Microbial enzymes as powerful natural anti-biofilm candidates, Microb. Cell Factories, 23, 343, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-024-02610-y, 2024. 
Blasi, F., Page, C., Rossolini, G. M., Pallecchi, L., Matera, M. G., Rogliani, P., and Cazzola, M.: The effect of N-acetylcysteine on biofilms: Implications for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, Respir. Med., 117, 190–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2016.06.015, 2016. 
Bourgonjen, Y. P., Hooning van Duyvenbode, J. F. F., van Dijk, B., Nurmohamed, F. R. H. A., Veltman, E. S., Vogely, H. C., and van der Wal, B. C. H.: Long-term outcome of two-stage revision surgery after hip and knee prosthetic joint infections: an observational study, J. Bone Joint Infect., 6, 379–387, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-6-379-2021, 2021. 
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Short summary
Prosthetic joint infections are devastating complications of joint replacements, often resisting antibiotics because bacteria hide inside a protective slime called biofilm. We reviewed laboratory evidence on BromAc, a combination of a pineapple enzyme and a mucus-thinning agent that breaks down this slime. Early experiments suggest it can disrupt biofilm and improve antibiotic access, but key questions about safety, stability, and joint-specific testing must be answered before patient use.
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