Articles | Volume 11, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-11-113-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-11-113-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Treatment of periprosthetic joint infection – outcomes following algorithm-guided treatment at a multidisciplinary referral centre
Christian Merz
Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
Jan Klaas
Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Rik Osinga
Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Parham Sendi
Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
Richard Alexander Kuehl
Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 403, Switzerland
Mario Morgenstern
Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
Related authors
No articles found.
Laura Bessems, Jolien Onsea, Baixing Chen, Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker, Irene K. Sigmund, Tristan Ferry, Richard Kuehl, Martin Clauss, Alex Soriano, Ricardo Sousa, Annette Schuermans, and Willem-Jan Metsemakers
J. Bone Joint Infect., 10, 489–500, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-489-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-489-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Isolation of patients with musculoskeletal infections in orthopedic care is controversial. Evidence supports selective isolation for certain resistant pathogens but not for non-resistant pathogens, nor does it support the routine use of septic wards. Effective infection control depends on hospital-wide strategies and adherence to standard precautions, with specialized centres offering better care than dedicated isolation units.
Marta Sabater-Martos, Martin Clauss, Ana Ribau, Ricardo Sousa, and on behalf of the Leukocyte Count Synovial Fluid working group for the Unified PJI definition task force
J. Bone Joint Infect., 10, 165–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-165-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-165-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This meta-analysis evaluates synovial fluid white blood cell count and polymorphonuclear neutrophil proportion in order to diagnose chronic peri-prosthetic joint infection. Based on 74 studies, it identifies optimal thresholds, with rule-in and rule-out thresholds enhancing diagnostic precision. Confounding factors such as fractures and inflammatory arthritis are addressed. The findings support standardized diagnostic frameworks in improving accuracy and clinical consistency.
Irene K. Sigmund, Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker, Tristan Ferry, Willem-Jan Metsemakers, Martin Clauss, Alex Soriano, Rihard Trebse, and Ricardo Sousa
J. Bone Joint Infect., 10, 139–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-139-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-139-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This is a summary of our position paper on debridement, antimicrobial therapy, and implant retention (DAIR) procedures as a curative treatment strategy for acute periprosthetic hip and knee infections. It includes the defined indications as well as the contraindications of DAIR procedures when eradication/cure is intended, based on the currently available literature.
Irene K. Sigmund, Tristan Ferry, Ricardo Sousa, Alex Soriano, Willem-Jan Metsemakers, Martin Clauss, Rihard Trebse, and Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker
J. Bone Joint Infect., 10, 101–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-101-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-101-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we discuss the most relevant factors influencing the outcome and define indications, contraindications, and risk factors of a DAIR procedure based on the currently available literature. Furthermore, we discuss the surgical technique in combination with systemic antimicrobial therapy in patients undergoing a DAIR procedure.
Tariq Azamgarhi, Simon Warren, Antonia Scobie, Natasha Karunaharan, Cristina Perez-Sanchez, Rebecca Houghton, Salma Hassan, Julie Lourtet-Hascoët, Hannah Kershaw, Parham Sendi, and Kordo Saeed
J. Bone Joint Infect., 10, 93–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-93-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-10-93-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates dalbavancin, an antibiotic with a long duration of action, in treating complex bone and joint infections. It does not require daily dosing, allowing patients to leave the hospital earlier and reducing costs. Dalbavancin is shown to be effective and safe, especially for patients unsuitable for oral antibiotics or outpatient therapy, achieving similar results to traditional treatments while cutting healthcare costs.
Alexandra Wallimann, Yvonne Achermann, Ciara Ferris, Mario Morgenstern, Martin Clauss, Vincent Stadelmann, Hannes Andreas Rüdiger, Liam O'Mahony, and Thomas Fintan Moriarty
J. Bone Joint Infect., 9, 191–196, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-9-191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-9-191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Skin commensal bacteria such as staphylococci are often the source of orthopaedic-device-related infections. Rifampicin is a widely used antibiotic in the treatment of these infections. The results of this study show that oral rifampicin therapy leads to a consistent and persistent induction of resistance in commensal staphylococci on the skin and in the nose for a prolonged time.
Noémie Reinert, Katinka Wetzel, Fabian Franzeck, Mario Morgenstern, Markus Aschwanden, Thomas Wolff, Martin Clauss, and Parham Sendi
J. Bone Joint Infect., 9, 183–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-9-183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-9-183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed concordance of in-house guidelines for diagnostic principles and antibiotic treatment duration (ABT) 2 years after their implementation. The goal was to standardize diagnostic and treatment principles: are we doing what we recommend? The adherence to recommendations in terms of biopsy sampling was good, moderate for histopathology and poor for anatomic labeling. In terms of ABT duration, the adherence was good, but further shortening for surgically cured cases is necessary.
Stéphanie Pascual, Brooklyn Noble, Nusreen Ahmad-Saeed, Catherine Aldridge, Simone Ambretti, Sharon Amit, Rachel Annett, Shaan Ashk O'Shea, Anna Maria Barbui, Gavin Barlow, Lucinda Barrett, Mario Berth, Alessandro Bondi, Nicola Boran, Sara E. Boyd, Catarina Chaves, Martin Clauss, Peter Davies, Ileana T. Dianzo-Delgado, Jaime Esteban, Stefan Fuchs, Lennart Friis-Hansen, Daniel Goldenberger, Andrej Kraševac Glaser, Juha O. Groonroos, Ines Hoffmann, Tomer Hoffmann, Harriet Hughes, Marina Ivanova, Peter Jezek, Gwennan Jones, Zeynep Ceren Karahan, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Frédéric Laurent, Laura Leach, Matilde Lee Horsbøll Pedersen, Caroline Loiez, Maureen Lynch, Robert J. Maloney, Martin Marsh, Olivia Milburn, Shanine Mitchell, Luke S. P. Moore, Lynn Moffat, Marianna Murdjeva, Michael E. Murphy, Deepa Nayar, Giacomo Nigrisoli, Fionnuala O'Sullivan, Büşra Öz, Teresa Peach, Christina Petridou, Mojgan Prinz, Mitja Rak, Niamh Reidy, Gian Maria Rossolini, Anne-Laure Roux, Patricia Ruiz-Garbajosa, Kordo Saeed, Llanos Salar-Vidal, Carlos Salas Venero, Mathyruban Selvaratnam, Eric Senneville, Peter Starzengruber, Ben Talbot, Vanessa Taylor, Rihard Trebše, Deborah Wearmouth, Birgit Willinger, Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker, Brianne Couturier, and Florence Allantaz
J. Bone Joint Infect., 9, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-9-87-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-9-87-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study conducted in multiple sites across Europe aimed to evaluate the BIOFIRE Joint Infection (JI) Panel, a new technology that uses multiplex PCR to detect microorganisms in synovial fluid of patients with suspicion of joint infections in 1 h, in comparison with synovial fluid culture. Results showed an overall agreement of 85 % to 88.4 % between the two methods. The JI Panel detected additional organisms, and the positive user experience highlights its clinical significance.
Christen Ravn, Jeroen Neyt, Natividad Benito, Miguel Araújo Abreu, Yvonne Achermann, Svetlana Bozhkova, Liselotte Coorevits, Matteo Carlo Ferrari, Karianne Wiger Gammelsrud, Ulf-Joachim Gerlach, Efthymia Giannitsioti, Martin Gottliebsen, Nis Pedersen Jørgensen, Tomislav Madjarevic, Leonard Marais, Aditya Menon, Dirk Jan Moojen, Markus Pääkkönen, Marko Pokorn, Daniel Pérez-Prieto, Nora Renz, Jesús Saavedra-Lozano, Marta Sabater-Martos, Parham Sendi, Staffan Tevell, Charles Vogely, Alex Soriano, and the SANJO guideline group
J. Bone Joint Infect., 8, 29–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-8-29-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-8-29-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Management of septic arthritis in native joints (SANJO) is often conducted by clinicians of different specialties, experience levels, and at all hours of the day. The SANJO guideline group makes evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis, microbiological investigation, initial surgery, empirical antibiotic treatment, early mobilization, evaluation of outcomes, and treatment failure. Special considerations were made for children, tuberculosis, and SANJO after cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Simon Martin Heinrich, Parham Sendi, and Martin Clauss
J. Bone Joint Infect., 6, 423–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-6-423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-6-423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report on an 83-year-old woman who had an open removal of a baker's cyst several months after total knee arthroplasty. The following wound healing problem was first misinterpreted as being superficial. With an injection of methylene blue and a contrast medium, we showed the extent of the sinus tract, proving the periprosthetic joint infection.
Cited articles
Alt, V., Szymski, D., Rupp, M., Fontalis, A., Vaznaisiene, D., Marais, L. C., Wagner, C., and Walter, N.: The health-economic burden of hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections in Europe, Bone Jt. Open, 6, 298–311, https://doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.63.BJO-2024-0225.R1, 2025.
Baertl, S., Lovasz, D., Kees, M. G., Walter, N., Schindler, M., Li, J., Reinhard, J., Alt, V., and Rupp, M.: Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Concomitant Sepsis: Unveiling Clinical Manifestations, Risk Factors, and Patient Outcomes, J. Arthroplasty, 40, 1827–1835, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.11.062, 2024.
Barton, C. B., Wang, D. L., An, Q., Brown, T. S., Callaghan, J. J., and Otero, J. E.: Two-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty Is Associated With High Attrition Rate and Mortality, J. Arthroplasty, 35, 1384–1389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2019.12.005, 2020.
Born, P., Ilchmann, T., Zimmerli, W., Zwicky, L., Graber, P., Ochsner, P. E., and Clauss, M.: Eradication of infection, survival, and radiological results of uncemented revision stems in infected total hip arthroplasties: 28 one-stage and 53 two-stage exchanges with a mean follow-up of 7 years, Acta Orthop., 87, 637–643, https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2016.1237423, 2016.
Clauss, M., Hunkeler, C., Manzoni, I., and Sendi, P.: Debridement, Antibiotics and Implant Retention for Hip Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Analysis of Implant Survival after Cure of Infection, J. Bone Jt. Infect., 5, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.7150/jbji.40924, 2020.
Corona, P. S., Vicente, M., Carrera, L., Rodríguez-Pardo, D., and Corró, S.: Current actual success rate of the two-stage exchange arthroplasty strategy in chronic hip and knee periprosthetic joint infection, Bone Jt. J., 102-B, 1682–1688, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.102B12.BJJ-2020-0792.R1, 2020.
Diaz-Ledezma, C., Higuera, C. A., and Parvizi, J.: Success after treatment of periprosthetic joint infection: a Delphi-based international multidisciplinary consensus, Clin. Orthop., 471, 2374–2382, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-2866-1, 2013.
Egerci, O. F., Yapar, A., Dogruoz, F., Selcuk, H., and Kose, O.: Preventive strategies to reduce the rate of periprosthetic infections in total joint arthroplasty; a comprehensive review, Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg., 144, 5131–5146, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-024-05301-w, 2024.
Fillingham, Y. A., Della Valle, C. J., Suleiman, L. I., Springer, B. D., Gehrke, T., Bini, S. A., Segreti, J., Chen, A. F., Goswami, K., Tan, T. L., Shohat, N., Diaz-Ledezma, C., Schwartz, A. J., and Parvizi, J.: Definition of Successful Infection Management and Guidelines for Reporting of Outcomes After Surgical Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection: From the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS), JBJS, 101, e69, https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.19.00062, 2019.
Heckmann, N. D., Culler, M. W., Atallah, L. M., Mont, M. A., Lieberman, J. R., and Parvizi, J.: Emerging Concepts in Periprosthetic Joint Infection Research: Infection Recurrence and Microbe Persistence, J. Arthroplasty, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2025.10.033, 2025.
Huffaker, S. J., Prentice, H. A., Kelly, M. P., and Hinman, A. D.: Is There Harm in Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention Versus Two-Stage Revision in the Treatment of Periprosthetic Knee Infection? Experiences Within a Large US Health Care System, J. Arthroplasty, 37, 2082–2089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2022.05.001, 2022.
Ilchmann, T., Zimmerli, W., Ochsner, P. E., Kessler, B., Zwicky, L., Graber, P., and Clauss, M.: One-stage revision of infected hip arthroplasty: outcome of 39 consecutive hips, Int. Orthop., 40, 913–918, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-015-2833-4, 2016.
Jones, C. M., Potluri, A. S., Federico, V. P., Nie, J. W., Forlenza, E. M., Serino, J., and Della Valle, C. J.: Trends in Medicare Arthroplasty Procedure Volume: Projecting From 2025 to 2040, J. Arthroplasty, 40, 2781–2790, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2025.05.124, 2025.
Karczewski, D., Winkler, T., Renz, N., Trampuz, A., Lieb, E., Perka, C., and Müller, M.: A standardized interdisciplinary algorithm for the treatment of prosthetic joint infections, Bone Jt. J., 101-B, 132–139, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.101B2.BJJ-2018-1056.R1, 2019.
Kienzle, A., Walter, S., von Roth, P., Fuchs, M., Winkler, T., and Müller, M.: High Rates of Aseptic Loosening After Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Joint Infection, JBJS Open Access, 5, e20.00026, https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.OA.20.00026, 2020.
Knoll, L., Steppacher, S. D., Furrer, H., Thurnheer-Zürcher, M. C., and Renz, N.: High treatment failure rate in haematogenous compared to non-haematogenous periprosthetic joint infection, Bone Jt. J., 105-B, 1294–1302, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.105B12.BJJ-2023-0454.R1, 2023.
Kurtz, S. M., Lau, E. C., Son, M.-S., Chang, E. T., Zimmerli, W., and Parvizi, J.: Are We Winning or Losing the Battle With Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Trends in Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Mortality Risk for the Medicare Population, J. Arthroplasty, 33, 3238–3245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2018.05.042, 2018.
Lee, C.-R., Kim, C.-W., Park, D.-H., Kwon, Y.-U., and Yoon, J.-M.: Risk of Infection After Septic and Aseptic Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 105, 1630–1637, https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.23.00361, 2023.
Liukkonen, R., Honkanen, M., Skyttä, E., Eskelinen, A., Karppelin, M., and Reito, A.: Clinical Outcomes After Revision Hip Arthroplasty due to Prosthetic Joint Infection-A Single-Center Study of 369 Hips at a High-Volume Center With a Minimum of One Year Follow-Up, J. Arthroplasty, 39, 806–812, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2023.08.078, 2024.
Matar, H. E., Bloch, B. V., Snape, S. E., and James, P. J.: Outcomes of single- and two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty for chronic periprosthetic joint infection: long-term outcomes of changing clinical practice in a specialist centre, Bone Jt. J., 103-B, 1373–1379, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.103B8.BJJ-2021-0224.R1, 2021.
McNally, M., Sousa, R., Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M., Chen, A. F., Soriano, A., Vogely, H. C., Clauss, M., Higuera, C. A., and Trebše, R.: The EBJIS definition of periprosthetic joint infection, Bone Jt. J., 103-B, 18–25, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.103B1.BJJ-2020-1381.R1, 2021.
Mundi, R., Pincus, D., Schemitsch, E., Ekhtiari, S., Paterson, J. M., Chaudhry, H., Leis, J. A., Redelmeier, D. A., and Ravi, B.: Association Between Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Mortality Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 106, 1546–1552, https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.23.01160, 2024.
Osmon, D. R., Berbari, E. F., Berendt, A. R., Lew, D., Zimmerli, W., Steckelberg, J. M., Rao, N., Hanssen, A., Wilson, W. R., and Infectious Diseases Society of America: Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am., 56, e1–e25, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis803, 2013.
Piuzzi, N. S., Sigmund, I. K., Slullitel, P. A., Budhiparama, N., Manning, L., Visperas, A., and Parvizi, J.: Global Perspectives on the Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infection, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 107, 2521–2528, https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.25.00775, 2025.
Puelacher, C., Stuetzle, A., Morgenstern, M., Sendi, P., Mueller, C., Clauss, M., and BASEL-Ortho-PMI Investigators: Adverse cardiac events associated with primary and revision arthroplasty, Bone Jt. J., 107-B, 821–828, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.107B8.BJJ-2025-0048.R1, 2025.
Ramos, M. S., Benyamini, B., Kompala, V., Khan, S. T., Kunze, K. N., McLaughlin, J. P., Visperas, A., and Piuzzi, N. S.: Periprosthetic Joint Infection Mortality After Total Hip Arthroplasty is Comparable to 5-Year Rates of Common Cancers: A Meta-Analysis, J. Arthroplasty, 40, 2697–2705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2025.04.036, 2025.
Razii, N., Clutton, J. M., Kakar, R., and Morgan-Jones, R.: Single-stage revision for the infected total knee arthroplasty: the Cardiff experience, Bone Jt. Open, 2, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.25.BJO-2020-0185.R1, 2021.
Resl, M., Becker, L., Steinbrück, A., Wu, Y., and Perka, C.: Re-revision and mortality rate following revision total hip arthroplasty for infection, Bone Jt. J., 106-B, 565–572, https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.106B6.BJJ-2023-1181.R1, 2024.
Vuorinen, M., Mäkinen, T., Rantasalo, M., and Huotari, K.: Effect of a multidisciplinary team on the treatment of hip and knee prosthetic joint infections: a single-centre study of 154 infections, Infect. Dis. Lond. Engl., 53, 700–706, https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2021.1925341, 2021.
Zielinski, M. R., Ziemba-Davis, M., and Meneghini, R. M.: Comparison of Delphi Consensus Criteria and Musculoskeletal Infection Society Outcome Reporting Tool Definitions of Successful Surgical Treatment of Periprosthetic Knee Infection, J. Arthroplasty, 39, 2357–2362, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.04.007, 2024.
Zimmerli, W.: Orthopaedic implant-associated infections: Update of antimicrobial therapy, Orthopade, 44, 961–966, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-015-3184-y, 2015.
Zimmerli, W. and Trebse, R.: Which trial do we need? Rational therapeutic management of periprosthetic joint infection, Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 29, 820–822, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.014, 2023.
Zimmerli, W., Trampuz, A., and Ochsner, P. E.: Prosthetic-joint infections, N. Engl. J. Med., 351, 1645–1654, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra040181, 2004.
Short summary
Founded in 2019, the Center for Musculoskeletal Infections at University Hospital Basel was established to implement standardized, multidisciplinary care for orthopaedic and trauma-related infections. This retrospective analysis of hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections (2019–2022) illustrates the feasibility and effectiveness of this structured approach, with infection control achieved in the majority of patients despite case complexity.
Founded in 2019, the Center for Musculoskeletal Infections at University Hospital Basel was...